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- The Indian Constitution recognizes five main types of writs for enforcing fundamental rights. - These writs are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo-Warranto. - They are issued by the Supreme Court under Article 32 and High Courts under Article 226. - Research suggests these writs are crucial for protecting individual rights and ensuring judicial oversight. The Indian Constitution provides a framework for legal remedies through writs, which are formal orders issued by courts to protect fundamental rights. These writs are essential for citizens to seek justice when their rights are violated, and they play a significant role in maintaining the rule of law. Types of Writs There are five key writs, each serving a specific purpose: - ** Habeas Corpus** : Ensures lawful detention by ordering the release of an illegally detained person. - * *Mandamus** : Commands public officials to perform their duties. - **Prohibition** : Prevents lower courts from exceeding jurisd...

Odisha’s Cabinet Song (2024) (To the tune of a cheerful folk melody) Chorus: Odisha’s leaders, strong and wise, Serving the state beneath the skies. Mohan Majhi leads the way, Let’s sing their names and roles today! Verse 1: Mohan Charan Majhi’s the name, Chief Minister with a mighty aim. Home and Finance, he’s in charge, Water, Public Grievance, duties large! Chorus: Odisha’s leaders, strong and wise, Serving the state beneath the skies. Mohan Majhi leads the way, Let’s sing their names and roles today! Verse 2: Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo, Deputy CM, Agriculture, Energy, he’s leading them. Pravati Parida, first woman in line, Women, Child, Tourism, she’s doing fine! Verse 3: Suresh Pujari, Revenue’s his call, Disaster Management, he handles it all. Rabi Narayan Naik, Rural’s his beat, Panchayat Raj, Drinking Water, so neat! Chorus: Odisha’s leaders, strong and wise, Serving the state beneath the skies. Mohan Majhi leads the way, Let’s sing their names and roles today! Verse 4: Nityananda...

A **quality circle** is a small group of employees who voluntarily meet regularly to identify, analyze, and solve work-related problems, particularly those related to quality, productivity, and efficiency. Typically composed of 6-12 members from the same work area, these groups use structured problem-solving techniques, such as brainstorming, Pareto analysis, or cause-and-effect diagrams, to propose and implement improvements. Key features: - **Purpose**: Enhance quality, reduce defects, improve processes, and boost employee morale. - **Origin**: Developed in Japan in the 1960s by Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa as part of the post-WWII quality movement, inspired by W. Edwards Deming. - **Structure** : Led by a facilitator or team leader, often a supervisor, with members trained in basic quality tools. - **Process**: Identify issues, collect data, analyze root causes, propose solutions, and present to management for approval. - **Benefits**: Improves teamwork, empowers employees, reduces costs,...

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management approach focused on long-term success through customer satisfaction. It involves all members of an organization in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work. Here’s a concise overview: Key Principles of TQM 1. **Customer Focus**: Prioritize meeting customer needs and expectations. 2. **Continuous Improvement**: Ongoing efforts to enhance processes, often through methodologies like PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act). 3. **Employee Involvement**: Engage all employees, fostering teamwork and empowerment. 4. **Process-Oriented**: Emphasize streamlined, efficient processes to reduce waste and errors. 5. **Data-Driven Decision Making**: Use data and metrics to guide improvements. 6. **Leadership Commitment**: Strong leadership to drive TQM culture and align goals. 7. **Supplier Relationships**: Collaborate with suppliers to ensure quality inputs. 8. **Systematic Approach**: View the organization as an interconnected s...

The philosophy of quality management focuses on achieving customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, and organizational excellence through systematic processes and employee involvement. It emphasizes delivering consistent, high-quality products or services by aligning operations with customer needs and minimizing errors or waste. Below are the core principles and philosophies that define quality management, rooted in the ideas of key thinkers and frameworks: Core Principles of Quality Management 1. * *Customer Focus**: The primary goal is to meet or exceed customer expectations. Quality is defined by what the customer perceives as valuable, not just technical specifications. 2. * *Continuous Improvement**: Organizations must constantly refine processes, products, and services. This is often guided by methodologies like Kaizen (incremental improvement) or Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycles. 3. * *Process-Oriented Approach** : Quality is achieved by managing and optimizing processes, e...

Syllabus for BEd Entrance Test The test shall be conducted in two sections. Both the sections are compulsory. The  subjects and distribution of marks in each section shall be as per the following: Section I is compulsory for all the candidates ( both Arts and Science group) . It would  consist of Language (English), General Awareness, Reasoning and Teaching Aptitude.  This Section shall be of 40 marks. There will be 40 questions. Each question carries one  (01) mark. All Questions shall be of multiple choice types. Section II shall be of 60 marks. The candidates of Arts  shall have to answer all the questions from General English, Odia, Geography, History and Political Science.   All the questions are of multiple choice types. Syllabus for B.Ed. Arts Stream Section: I Full Marks: 40 Language(English) Comprehension, Vocabulary & Usage  10 Marks General Awareness Everyday science, Political system and happenings, General information, Edu...

National Parks in India Important National Parks in India act as an apt place for preserving animals by providing natural habitat and prey. Anthropogenic activities like developmental activities, industrial activities, forestry, poaching, hunting, and cultivation are not permitted. The boundaries of National Parks are well defined and no private activities are allowed inside the National Park. This article provides the list of National Parks in India, the year of establishment and the State associated. Year of Establishment Name of National Park State 1936 Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand 1955 Kanha National Park , Madhya Pradesh 1955 Tadoba National Park , Maharashtra 1959 Madhav National Park, Madhya Pradesh 1968 Bandhavgarh National Park , Madhya Pradesh 1974 Kaziranga National Park , Assam 1974 Bandipur National Park , Karnataka 1974 Bannerghatta National Park , Karnataka 1975 Gir National Park , Gujarat 1975 Gugamal National Park , Maharashtra 1975 Navegaon National Park...

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Padma Awards 2025 Padma Awards - one of the highest civilian Awards of the country, are conferred in three categories, namely, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri. The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service, etc. ‘ Padma Vibhushan’ is awarded for exceptional and distinguished service ; ‘ Padma Bhushan’ for distinguished service of high order and ‘ Padma Shri ’ for distinguished service in any field. The awards are announced on the occasion of Republic Day every year.      These Awards are conferred by the President of India at ceremonial functions which are held at RashtrapatiBhawan usually around March/ April every year. For the year 2025, the President has approved conferment of 139Padma Awards including1 duo case (in a duo case, the Award is counted as one) as per list below. The list co...

International organizations Headquarters United Nations Organisation New York, USA United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) New York, USA United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) New York, USA UN Women New York, USA United Nations Security Council (UNSC) New York, USA International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington DC, United States World Bank Group (WBG) Washington DC, United States World Health Organisation (WHO) Geneva, Switzerland International Labour Organisation Geneva, Switzerland International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva, Switzerland World Trade Organisation Geneva, Switzerland World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Geneva, Switzerland World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva, Switzerland International Organization for Standardization Geneva, Switzerland UNAIDS Geneva, Switzerland United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Paris, France Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Paris, France United Nation...